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The opening and closing of the valves
The cylinder head is attached to the engine block by numerous bolts or studs. It has several functions. The cylinder head seals the cylinders on the side opposite to the pistons; it contains short ducts (the ports) for intake and exhaust and the associated intake valves that open to let the cylinder be filled with fresh air and exhaust valves that open to allow the combustion gases to escape. However, 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines connect the gas ports directly to the cylinder wall without poppet valves; the piston controls their opening and occlusion instead. The cylinder head also holds the spark plug in the case of spark ignition engines and the injector for engines that use direct injection. All CI engines use fuel injection, usually direct injection but some engines instead use indirect injection. SI engines can use a carburetor or fuel injection as port injection or direct injection. Most SI engines have a single spark plug per cylinder but some have 2. A head gasket prevents the gas from leaking between the cylinder head and the engine block. The opening and closing of the valves is controlled by one or several camshafts and springs?or in some engines?a desmodromic mechanism that uses no springs. The camshaft may press directly the stem of the valve or may act upon a rocker arm, again, either directly or through a pushrod.
Engine block seen from below. The cylinders, oil spray nozzle and half of the main bearings are clearly visible.
The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a sump that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again. The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings, which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single main bearing deck is used rather than several smaller caps. A connecting rod is connected to offset sections of the crankshaft (the crankpins) in one end and to the piston in the other end through the gudgeon pin and thus transfers the force and translates the reciprocating motion of the pistons to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The end of the connecting rod attached to the gudgeon pin is called its small end, and the other end, where it is connected to the crankshaft, the big end. The big end has a detachable half to allow assembly around the crankshaft. It is kept together to the connecting rod by removable bolts.
The cylinder head has an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold attached to the corresponding ports. The intake manifold connects to the air filter directly, or to a carburetor when one is present, which is then connected to the air filter. It distributes the air incoming from these devices to the individual cylinders. The exhaust manifold is the first component in the exhaust system. It collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders and drives it to the following component in the path. The exhaust system of an ICE may also include a catalytic converter and muffler. The final section in the path of the exhaust gases is the tailpipe.
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine
Driving under the influence of alcohol
Driving after drinking can be dangerous even when guided bike. In the case of more complex machines, allowing to achieve a much higher speed, directing them under the influence of alcohol can be fatal. Despite the many social campaigns regarding the prohibition of driving under the influence of alcohol and strengthen penalties for drunk drivers, unfortunately, many of them still do not apply to this rule. Meanwhile, the management of a car under the influence of alcohol can lead to death of not only the driver and passengers, but also to the disappearance of completely innocent people, not even staying on the road during this event. Getting into the car under the influence of alcohol we create unnecessary risk.
What to consider when selecting a vehicle on the Internet?
Ads for the automotive industry are one of the most viewed by Internet users announcements relating to the exchange or purchase. The information contained in the notices contained in the virtual network often refer to many years of cars imported from abroad or after the accident. Of course, in most cases virtual proposal is only the form of information, and more content about our cars we need to look at the personal meeting. However, this does not discourage all sorts of scammers is the use of such trafficking on the Internet. Thus, by choosing Internet announcement on the interesting vehicles you need to be undoubtedly very vigilant for any kind of fraud.